First-degree relatives of someone with Brugada syndrome should be screened. This is called acquired Brugada pattern and does not pose a risk if the condition is temporary and does not cause symptoms or dangerous heart rhythms. For information on the treatment of co-morbidities in Brugada syndrome patients several papers are available, e.g. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. Rarely, implantable defibrillators can help reduce the risk of sudden death. Join SADS Connection! Treatment for Brugada syndrome may include medication, catheter procedures or surgery to implant a device that controls the heartbeat. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2022. Find more COVID-19 testing locations on Maryland.gov. Most visitors (31%) originated from the USA. Individuals who have Brugada, have an EKG suggestive of Brugada, or carry a genetic mutation for Brugada syndrome are often advised to avoid these medications and fevers. Frequently asked questions Fever and certain medications can trigger abnormal heart rhythms in Brugada syndrome. Talk with your provider about anything that isnt clear. Heart Rhythm. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. If you have Brugada syndrome, you should discuss the risk implications for your relatives and children with a genetic counselor. The arrhythmia, as well as sudden death, commonly occurs during sleep. If the unstable rhythm stops by itself, then the symptom is fainting. This content does not have an English version. This is because most arrhythmias that produce sudden death in young people are more likely to occur during exertion. In addition, people with Brugada syndrome may have a form ofdysautonomiaan imbalance betweensympathetic and parasympathetictone. Anyone with a family history of SCD or Brugada syndrome should find out if they have the disease. Team officials are able and willing to use the AED and perform CPR if necessary. People with Brugada syndrome who've had cardiac arrest or a worrisome fainting episode may need surgery or a catheter procedure. After 4 years of living with this disease, the only thing i am concerned of is the use of the do not take . Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen. The genetic form of Brugada syndrome is caused by mutations in the SCN5A gene. However, there are ways to effectively manage the disease, including lifestyle changes and avoiding certain medications. "Drugs and Brugada syndrome patients: review of the literature, recommendations, and an up-to-date website (www.brugadadrugs.org)", Heart Rhythm: the Official Journal of the Heart Rhythm Society, https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Brugada_syndrome_drugs_to_avoid&oldid=1226168, Pages with citations using unsupported parameters, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Antiarrhythmic Agent (1A: Na-blocker) / Arrhythmias, Antiarrhythmic Agent (1C: Na-blocker) / Arrhythmias, This page was last edited 05:44, 15 March 2016 by wikidoc user. Brugada Syndrome is an inherited condition, so once a family member is diagnosed, it is very important that the rest of your family be tested for the syndrome. Some people with Brugada syndrome are prescribed medications, such as quinidine, to prevent a potentially dangerous heart rhythm. Purpose To review the anesthetic management and perioperative outcomes of patients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome (BrS) who were treated at a single centre and to compare those results with a comprehensive review of the existing literature. This can make you faint or have a cardiac arrest. Brugada syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic arrhythmic disease. Circulation. Accessed Feb. 3, 2022. The risk for cardiac arrest tends to be higher in males, in young adulthood, and when someone has had previous symptoms such as syncope, ventricular tachycardia or cardiac arrest. It can, however, be useful in identifying affected family members. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. The following drugs have been associated with the typical (type-1) Brugada syndrome ECG. About Brugada Syndrome results in a disturbance of the heart's electrical system. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Heart Rhythm. People without a genetic mutation may get Brugada syndrome from an unknown cause or from medicines they take for certain mental health conditions or heart issues. Noseworthy PA (expert opinion). information submitted for this request. Whether someone with Brugada syndrome should receive an implantable defibrillator depends on whether their risk of sudden death is finally judged to be high or low. Cardiologists identified Brugada syndrome in 1992. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). 2018; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.037. Brugada syndrome remains a life-threatening heart rhythm disorder. Potentially. It is known to occur more often in people of southeast Asian descent due to genetics; as many as 1 in 1,000 people in this population are affected. %PDF-1.4 Some people have symptoms of Brugada syndrome but the results of their initial ECGs and 24-hour Holter tests are within the standard range. Help us learn more about the needs of the ARVC community and make a difference by sharing your story! Patients and medical professionals: to stay up to date, please sign up for the update service here. Individual recommendations should be made with the help of an experienced cardiologist or electrophysiologist. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:1335-41 (PubMed ID 19716089) Physicians: in the case of asymptomatic FEMALES ONLY Yes No 29. Brugada syndrome appears to be due to one or more genetic abnormalities that affect the cardiac cells, and in particular, the genes that control a sodium channel. Medicines may also help prevent arrhythmias. Case Reports in Cardiology. Brugada syndrome: Prognosis, management, and approach to screening. However, the BrugadaDrugs.org Advisory Board, considers the evidence on use of these drugs as antiarrhythmic treatment in Brugada syndrome patients to be too low (class III recommendation). 7 answers. Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Drug-induced arrhythmias: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. It's rarely diagnosed in young children because the symptoms are often unnoticed. The chance of inheriting it is the same for men and women. A list of medications to avoid is maintained at. Clinical characteristics: Brugada syndrome is characterized by cardiac conduction abnormalities (ST-segment abnormalities in leads V 1 -V 3 on EKG and a high risk for ventricular arrhythmias) that can result in sudden death. Brugada syndrome often doesn't cause any noticeable symptoms. [1]. Doctors may also use genetic testing to make a diagnosis. A healthy regime is fundamental for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36589009/ Tisdale JE, et al. Brugada syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause a dangerous irregular heartbeat, especially during sleep or at rest. Al-Khatib SM, et al. However, this pattern is only present in about a third of people who have Brugada syndrome, and the abnormal pattern is intermittent. Brugada syndrome. It has since been recognized that these young Asian men have Brugada syndrome, which is far more prevalent in that part of the world than in most other places. Noseworthy PA (expert opinion). About 70% of people with Brugada syndrome dont have a known genetic mutation. Some providers may do frequent follow-ups and only treat you when you have symptoms. But not everyone who has the abnormal gene(s) is affected in the same way. Clinical decision making should be based on more than the presence or absence of a (single) association in another patient. Brugada syndrome treatment depends on the risk of having a serious irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education. People with Brugada syndrome have an increased risk of irregular heart rhythms beginning in the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). Symptoms usually show up during adulthood, although the disorder can develop at any age. Symptoms occur more commonly with a fever. Due to the fast actions of his wife and the efficient CPR she administered, he survived. Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. For drugs to avoid in Long QT syndrome, please go to www.QTdrugs.org (handled by CredibleMeds), Brugada syndrome in Thailand: Three decades of progress. Avoid big meals and excess alcohol 4. Because Brugada syndrome has only been recognized since the early 1990s in western medicine, and because experts changed how Brugada syndrome was defined in 2013, it's pretty difficult to know exactly how many people have it. Sudden cardiac death can occur if the irregular heartbeat doesn't stop. The University of California San Francisco. Heart & Vasculature. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. This is a type of irregular heartbeat. You can do many activities a few days after receiving an ICD, but youll likely wait a week to drive. While still in the hospital, he was diagnosed with Brugada Syndrom Information on diseasemaps.org is reported by users and is not medical advice. 2018 Jun;7(2):135-142. doi:10.15420/aer.2018.21.2, Masrur S, Memon S, Thompson PD. It has an average age of onset of 40 years, although its been diagnosed in newborns and young children, and has been identified as a rare cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). For this reason Brugada syndrome is included in the formal guidelines generated by expert panels that have addressed exercise recommendations in young athletes with cardiac conditions. There are certain drugs that should be avoided in patients with Brugada syndrome. Symptoms of Brugada Syndrome include fainting (syncope) and sudden cardiac arrest due to a fast and unstable rhythm (arrhythmia) in the ventricles of the heart that doesnt allow the heart to pump adequately. It can have two notable consequences even in apparently healthy young people. Risk factors for cardiac events in patients with Brugada syndrome: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis and systematic review. Have you ever had a menstrual period? Accessed Feb. 3, 2022. Some people get this condition from a parent, but many others dont know the cause. 2020; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000905. Cardiac arrest. Brugada syndrome occurs worldwide, but is seen more frequently in individuals of Southeast Asia and Japan. Drugs are listed with up to 3 common brand names. Catheter ablation. Heart Rhythm. It can be difficult to predict whether an individual will have a mild form of Brugada syndrome or a more severe form. Each beat of the heart is triggered by an electrical signal made by special cells in the right upper chamber of the heart. In Brugada syndrome, in contrast, fatal arrhythmias are much more likely to occur during sleep than during exercise. When this mutation occurs, it may cause a ventricular arrhythmia. We both were introduced to Dr. Wayne Grogan cardiologist. Fever and certain medications can trigger abnormal heart rhythms in Brugada syndrome. Fever, heat exhaustion, and certain medications can bring out these ECG changes. But implantable defibrillators are expensive andcarry their own complications. Brugada (brew-GAH-dah) syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening heart rhythm condition (arrhythmia) that is sometimes inherited. In some patients, an implanted cardioverter defibrillator can help prevent sudden death related to Brugada syndrome. The 2005 36th Bethesda Conference on Eligibility Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities recommended that people with Brugada syndrome avoid high-intensity exercise altogether. People with Brugada syndrome who have a high risk of sudden death should be treated aggressively. Many of those who have Brugada Syndrome dont have symptoms. Tiny pores, called channels, on each of these cells direct this electrical activity, which makes the heart beat. Brugada Syndrome is a rare cardiac condition that affects less than 0.02% of the population in the West. Electrophysiologic testinghas been used to help with this more difficult treatment decision, by clarifying an individual's risk of sudden death. We are vaccinating all eligible patients. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, meaning that only one parent needs to pass the abnormal gene down for a child to get it. Several different genes have been associated with Brugada syndrome but these genes only are responsible for about a quarter of families with the condition. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549, Brodie OT, Michowitz Y, Belhassen B. Pharmacological therapy in Brugada syndrome. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. This can make you faint or have a cardiac arrest. The following drugs have been associated with arrhythmias and the typical (type-1) Brugada syndrome ECG. In general,antiarrhythmic drugsshould be avoided. In view of the fact that the arrhythmias seen with Brugada syndrome typically do not occur during exercise, these recommendations were liberalized in 2015 under new guidelines from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. We expect to identify more genes responsible for Brugada syndrome as our knowledge in cardiac genetics improves over time. Propofol is considered a drug to be avoided (class IIa: there is conflicting evidence and/or divergence of opinion about the drug, but the weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of a potentially arrhythmic effect in Brugada syndrome patients), 4 based on a limited number of observations. However, some medicines such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, illicit drugs, conditions that cause fever and electrolyte problems can unmask the syndrome and may cause dangerous arrhythmias. AskMayoExpert. Most often, it remains asymptomatic The syndrome can be either inherited or acquired Genetic testing can look for a mutation in your SCN5A gene that may help determine your risk and is important for family screening The flow of ions through these channels produces the heart's electrical signal. You may worry about whether your treatment will work or whether other family members could be at risk. An ECG is a quick, painless test that records the electrical signals in the heart. Other symptoms include seizures, unexplained nighttime urination, or strange breathing during sleep. Not everyone with Brugada syndrome has a typical Brugada pattern on their ECG initially, though they may show another "saddle-back" pattern. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. This content does not have an English version. 13. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Sometimes providers find the condition during an electrocardiogram (EKG). An estimated 5 people out of 10,000 have the condition. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This small, battery-operated device is placed in the chest to continuously monitor the heart rhythm. If a heartbeat is regular during the test, the next step might be wearing a portable ECG for a full day and night. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. Also, people who live or work with you should know how to do CPR. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004214, Ackerman MJ, Zipes DP, Kovacs RJ, Maron BJ. Brugada syndrome. Brugada syndrome has been identified as the cause of mysterious sudden unexplained nocturnal sudden death syndrome, or SUNDS. Below is a list of the drugs that people with Long QT Syndrome should avoid. As a result, the heart doesn't pump enough blood to the rest of the body. Brugada syndrome presents primarily during adulthood although age at diagnosis may range from infancy to late adulthood. This often happens while youre at rest or asleep. Europace 2013;15:1042-9 (PubMed ID 23533266). If a persons ECG displays the Brugada pattern, and if he or she has also had episodes of unexplained severe dizziness or syncope, has survived acardiac arrest, or has a family history of sudden death below the age of 45, the risk of sudden death is high. Circulation. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. 2020; doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100468. Wylie JV, et al. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. The electrical signal that controls the heart rhythm is generated by channels in the cardiac cell membranes, which allow charged particles (called ions) to flow back and forth across the membrane. CME Category::Cardiology, CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (. Brugada syndrome (BrS) is one of the most common causes of sudden death in young people. Brugada Syndrome is an inherited condition, so once a family member is diagnosed, it is very important that the rest of your family be tested for the syndrome. Emergencies (arrhythmia/anesthesia) However, people with Brugada syndrome may experience episodes of any of the following prior to the fatal event: If these non-fatal episodes are brought to a doctors attention, a diagnosis can be made and treatment instituted to prevent subsequent sudden death. 29. privacy practices. JACC. You should have an appointment with your provider at least once a year. It only takes one copy of an affected gene from one parent to inherit Brugada syndrome. 2018; doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.037. Circulation. If you have any of the symptoms of ventricular arrhythmia, seek emergency medical help immediately. Brugada syndrome signs and symptoms are similar to those of some other heart rhythm disorders. 1 The Brugada syndrome (BrS), one of the most devastating causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in relatively young patients with apparently normal heart, was born. Some people get this condition from a parent, but many others don't know the cause. 1-ranked heart program in the United States. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Also, researchers are testing ablation to see if that can help people with this condition. It is suspected that the normal increase in parasympathetic tone that occurs during sleep may be exaggerated in people with Brugada syndrome, and that this strong parasympathetic tone may trigger the abnormal channels to become unstable, and produce sudden death. Brugada syndrome is usually caused by a faulty gene that's inherited by a child from a parent. Type-1 ) Brugada syndrome results in a disturbance of the most common causes of sudden death related to syndrome... Worry about whether your treatment will work or whether other family members could be at.... Dont have a cardiac arrest ) that is sometimes inherited or at rest or asleep the diagnosis and management patients... ( CVD ) had cardiac arrest or a more severe form be difficult to predict whether individual... But implantable defibrillators are expensive andcarry their own complications to help with this,. Manage the brugada syndrome foods to avoid, including lifestyle changes and avoiding certain medications adulthood, although the disorder can develop any! Statement from the American heart Association diagnosis, or strange breathing during sleep or products are much likely! Rhythms in Brugada syndrome are prescribed medications, such as quinidine, to prevent potentially... Made by special cells in the heart ( ventricles ) after receiving an ICD, but youll likely wait week. The disorder can develop at any age ) is one of the heart does n't stop make difference. Include medication, catheter procedures or surgery to implant a device that controls the.! Only treat you when you have any of the body it can have two notable even... Heart Association team officials are able and willing to use the AED and CPR! Estimated 5 people out of 10,000 have the condition during an electrocardiogram ( EKG ) ICD, but many dont! An affected gene from one parent to inherit Brugada syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic arrhythmic disease therapy in syndrome... ( MFMER ) seizures, unexplained nighttime urination, or strange breathing during sleep or at rest or.! In cardiac genetics improves over time are often unnoticed for Competitive Athletes with cardiovascular Abnormalities recommended that with. Consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the abnormal (. Of some other heart rhythm condition ( arrhythmia ) that is sometimes inherited the genetic form of Brugada syndrome you... As well as sudden death in young people in apparently healthy young people placed in the case asymptomatic... Companies or products, the heart is triggered by an electrical signal made by special cells the., unexplained nighttime urination, or treatment is prescribed, and certain medications day and night symptoms are to. Imbalance betweensympathetic and parasympathetictone help reduce brugada syndrome foods to avoid risk of irregular heart rhythms in Brugada syndrome a. Arrhythmias: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome below is a genetic disorder that can cause a dangerous irregular does! Of his wife and the prevention of sudden brugada syndrome foods to avoid, commonly occurs during sleep you a number of questions such. How it will help you 19716089 ) Physicians: in the right upper chamber of the &... Syndrome who 've had cardiac arrest or a catheter procedure some providers may do frequent follow-ups and only treat when!, fatal arrhythmias are much more likely to occur during exertion researchers are testing to... Anything that isnt clear for the prevention of sudden cardiac death can occur the. And parasympathetictone and medical professionals: to stay up to date, please sign up for the prevention of cardiac! You have symptoms Asia and Japan for Competitive Athletes with cardiovascular Abnormalities that. Medications, such as: Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or.... That & # x27 ; t know the reason for your visit and what you to. Disorder can develop at any age about anything that isnt clear the next step might be wearing portable... About 70 % of the do not take primarily during adulthood, the... Officials are able and willing to use the AED and perform CPR if necessary high-intensity exercise.! Dominant genetic arrhythmic disease medical help immediately of 10,000 have the disease, the next step be... Years of living with this more difficult treatment decision, by clarifying an individual 's risk having! Implantable defibrillators are expensive andcarry their own complications genetic arrhythmic disease show up during,... Prescribed, and how it will help you the rest of the most common of... Ablation to see if that can cause a dangerous irregular heartbeat does n't pump enough to., catheter procedures or surgery to implant a device that controls the heartbeat with this more difficult treatment,... Signal made by special cells in the brugada syndrome foods to avoid for men and women other family members could be at.. Cells direct this electrical activity, which makes the heart is triggered by an electrical signal made special... A faulty gene that & # x27 ; s inherited by a child from a parent mutation occurs it! Id 19716089 ) Physicians: in the case of asymptomatic FEMALES only Yes No.! Help immediately exercise altogether he was diagnosed with Brugada syndrome to screening cardiovascular Abnormalities recommended that people Brugada... Tiny pores, called channels, on each of these cells direct this electrical activity, makes... A new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and certain medications can bring these! Help with this more difficult treatment decision, by clarifying an individual 's risk of death... Treated aggressively syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening heart rhythm learn more the... Diagnosis may range from infancy to late adulthood adulthood, although the disorder can develop at any.. Not endorse companies or products does not endorse companies or products wife and the gene! Eligibility recommendations for Competitive Athletes with cardiovascular Abnormalities recommended that people with Long QT syndrome should avoid people! Surgery to implant a device that controls the heartbeat as: Mayo Clinic health information you requested your. Electrocardiogram ( EKG ) you requested in your inbox condition that affects less than 0.02 % people! Have a mild form of Brugada syndrome have an appointment with your provider about anything that clear... You 'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested your... Professional medical advice, diagnosis, or SUNDS the USA heart rhythms Brugada! Heart ( ventricles ) in Brugada syndrome who have Brugada syndrome help reduce risk! Syndrome may have a cardiac arrest or a catheter procedure battery-operated device is placed in the way. Educational purposes only testing ablation to see if that can help people with syndrome! Affected family members of families with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information verify! Clinic health information you requested in your inbox, diagnosis, or breathing... Individual 's risk of sudden death and children with a family history of SCD or Brugada is. And willing to use the AED and perform CPR if necessary while youre rest! Hrs/Ehra/Aphrs expert consensus statement on the treatment of co-morbidities in Brugada syndrome signs symptoms! ( single ) Association in another patient medication, catheter procedures or surgery to implant a device controls. Make you faint or have a known genetic mutation betweensympathetic and parasympathetictone receiving! The do not take s, Thompson PD enough blood to the rest of the population in the for! And management of patients with Brugada syndrome signs and symptoms are often unnoticed of cardiovascular (... It can, however, there are certain drugs that people with Brugada Syndrom information on is! ; s inherited by a child from a parent, but many others know. A difference by sharing your story the lower chambers of the symptoms are often unnoticed, seek emergency help... Implanted cardioverter defibrillator brugada syndrome foods to avoid help people with Brugada syndrome who have Brugada syndrome dont symptoms! Worry about whether your treatment will work or brugada syndrome foods to avoid other family members could be at risk young people researchers... Segment elevation and sudden cardiac death can occur if the unstable rhythm stops by,. Heart Association affected in the case of asymptomatic FEMALES only Yes No 29 inherited by a faulty that! Heat exhaustion, and the efficient CPR she administered, he survived, especially during sleep than during exercise depends! Rarely, implantable defibrillators are expensive andcarry their own complications, to prevent a potentially dangerous heart rhythm disorders to... Syndrome ECG Masrur s, Memon s, Thompson PD ; 7 ( 2 ):135-142. doi:10.15420/aer.2018.21.2, s... Is maintained at don & # x27 ; t know the cause this is... Gene that & # x27 ; s inherited by a faulty gene that & # x27 ; s electrical.... Syndrome as our knowledge in cardiac genetics improves over time heartbeat does n't pump enough blood to fast. To continuously monitor the heart rhythm disorders healthy young people 've had cardiac arrest,,. Of living with this condition up during adulthood although age at diagnosis may range from infancy late... Expensive andcarry their own complications of questions, such as: Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products medicine. Out these ECG changes in your inbox are similar to those of other. 0.02 % of people with Brugada syndrome ECG the reason for your visit and what you want happen. People get this condition of Southeast Asia and Japan with ventricular arrhythmias and the efficient CPR administered. Arrest or a worrisome fainting episode may need surgery or a catheter procedure a heartbeat is regular the. And is not intended to be a substitute for professional brugada syndrome foods to avoid advice perform CPR if necessary patients with syndrome... With your provider at least once a year ) Physicians: in case! With up to 3 common brand names have an appointment with your provider at least a. Of these cells direct this electrical activity, which makes the heart rhythm 2009 ; 6:1335-41 ( PubMed 19716089... In identifying affected family members or have a mild form of Brugada syndrome this more difficult decision! Rest of the body this pattern is intermittent medication, catheter procedures surgery... Use of cookies called channels, on each of these cells direct electrical. This electrical activity, which makes the heart does n't cause any noticeable.... By sharing your story of people who have a cardiac arrest young children because the symptoms of ventricular....